有疑問？請諮詢流感專家！
What is the risk for hospital kitchen staff workers if they have the flu (knowingly or unknowingly) and preparing the food? What is the likelihood of the food being contaminated with flu viruses? | ||
A: | Food (both raw and cooked) is not thought to be a means of transmission for either seasonal or 2009 H1N1 influenza viruses. Thus, a food handler with influenza does not present a risk to the safety of food. Any ill employee (food handler or otherwise) should be kept away from well people to prevent the spread of influenza through the normal routes of infection (inhaling virus expelled by infected individuals when coughing or sneezing or by touching a contaminated surface and then touching mucous membranes such as the mouth, nose or eyes.) More information can be found under the section on 'Food Safety, at this flu.gov website. | |
My son had a rapid flu test that came out positive. He never had a fever, only a stuffy nose and cough. Is it possible to get a false positive result? | ||
A: | Rapid influenza diagnostic tests detect seasonal flu A and B antigens, which are cells that make the body produce infection-fighting cells. The H1N1 2009 flu virus is an influenza A virus. Data are not yet available to determine whether rapid flu diagnostic tests can be used for patients with the H1N1 2009 virus infection. CDC has received some reports of false positive and false negative results using the rapid tests. A doctor may use a rapid diagnostic test as part of the evaluation, but results should be interpreted with caution. Confirmation of novel H1N1 flu infection can only be made with:
For more information about rapid influenza diagnostic testing, please visit: 關於使用快速診斷流感的測試方法來檢測新型流感A病毒的暫行指南 | |
Where and how does a healthcare professional order the H1N1 vaccine? | ||
A: | State and local public heath departments are responsible for directing the flow of vaccine to providers within every state. They will determine which providers will receive vaccine and will allocate vaccine among providers as it becomes available to them. Distribution of the 2009 H1N1 vaccine will be a health department managed process. If you have not already done so, please contact your state health department for information on 2009 H1N1 vaccine distribution plans or on becoming a 2009 H1N1 vaccine provider. State/Jurisdiction Contact Information for Providers Interested in Providing H1N1 Vaccine. | |
Is it true that the "swine flu" isn't species specific and can pass from and to pets? I have a service dog... how best do I protect us both? | ||
A: | Certain pets are susceptible to human flu viruses. This includes:
Many animal species are also susceptible to other flu viruses. This includes:
But, these flu viruses have mostly remained within their own species. To date, several pigs, some turkeys, 2 ferrets, and a cat have likely been infected with 2009 H1N1 virus from exposure to infected humans. For more information about H1N1 flu, please visit this flu.gov website. You may also contact your state health department for additional information and guidance. Here is a link to finding state health departments. | |
How much of a risk does avian H5N1 influenza still pose despite all this talk of H1N1? | ||
A: | The current risk to Americans from the avian influenza A (H5N1) virus (bird flu virus) found in Asia, Europe, Africa, and the Near East is very low. There is no evidence of H5N1 virus having caused disease in birds or people in the United States. Avian influenza, also known as bird flu, is not the same as the seasonal flu that causes illness among people in the United States during the winter months. Avian influenza is a disease of birds, caused by infection with different kinds of influenza A viruses. The virus that has been reported in Asia, Europe, Africa, and the Near East, and has caused extensive outbreaks of disease among poultry and some wild birds is the avian influenza A (H5N1) virus. Bird flu viruses do not usually infect humans. All influenza (flu) viruses have the ability to change and mutate. Avian influenza A (H5N1) virus (bird flu virus) is a virus to which most people have little pre-existing protection (immunity). H5N1 virus infection has caused severe illness and death in humans in Asia, the Middle East and Africa. In fact, over 60 percent of people infected with H5N1 have died. If the H5N1 virus were to gain the ability to spread easily from person to person, a worldwide outbreak of disease (flu pandemic) could begin. The current risk to Americans from the H5N1 bird flu found in Asia, Europe, Africa, and the Near East is very low. There is no evidence of this H5N1 bird flu virus having caused disease in birds or people in the United States. Regularly updated information about human H5N1 cases is available on the World Health Organization (WHO) Web site, and updates on H5N1 animal outbreaks are reported on the website of the World Organization for Animal Health. | |
I work at a high school in the Health Office. I have heard everything from reports of a new "mutated killer virus" to there being Squaline in the H1N1 vaccine that it causes Lupus. Is there some where I can direct parents to dispel these rumors? | ||
A: | Flu.gov maintains a page of information about the latest Myths & Facts where you can get straight answers about H1N1 and vaccine rumors. Additionally, you can search and find the answers to more than 500 questions at: Answers.Flu.gov | |
Do you need the vaccine if you've already had a confirmed case of H1N1 this season. And what about those family members in the same house as the person who had the confirmed case? | ||
A: | People who had an illness confirmed by rRT-PCR to be 2009 H1N1 virus earlier in 2009 can be considered to be immune and do not need to be vaccinated this year. rRT-PCR is the only test that can confirm infection specifically with the 2009 H1N1 virus. All persons in a recommended vaccination target group who had an influenza (flu)-like illness that was not confirmed as 2009 H1N1 virus infection by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) should get the 2009 H1N1 vaccine. Most people ill with a flu-like illness since this spring have not been tested with rRT-PCR. Tests such as rapid antigen detection assays and diagnoses based on symptoms alone without rRT-PCR testing cannot specifically determine if a person has 2009 H1N1 flu. Persons who were not tested, but who became ill after being exposed to a person with lab-confirmed 2009 H1N1 flu, should not assume that they also had 2009 H1N1 as many pathogens can cause a flu-like illness. These people should get the vaccine if they are in a recommended vaccination target group. People who were infected with the 2009 H1N1 virus and who are not severely immune compromised will likely have immunity to subsequent infection with 2009 H1N1 virus. However, vaccination of a person with some existing immunity to the 2009 H1N1 virus will not be harmful, and patients who are uncertain about how they were diagnosed should get the 2009 H1N1 vaccine. The 2009 H1N1 virus does not provide protection against seasonal influenza viruses. Therefore, people who get the 2009 H1N1 vaccine should also get a seasonal vaccine. | |
If I get the nose spray flu vaccination with the live virus, will I be able to pass on the flu? | ||
A: | In clinical studies, live vaccine viruses were rarely passed to close contacts. | |
Can my son get the seasonal flu shot if he was diagnosed 2 days ago with strep and is on antibiotics? | ||
A: | In regards to your question about the antibiotics that your son is taking for strep infection, antibiotics have no effect on any type of influenza vaccine. In general you should always talk to your doctor before getting a flu shot if you:
If you are sick with a fever when you go to get your flu shot, talk to your doctor or nurse about getting your shot at a later date. However, you can get a flu shot if you have a respiratory (breathing) illness without a fever; or if you have another mild illness. If you have questions or concerns about your child getting the seasonal flu vaccine and/or the novel H1N1 vaccine, talk to their doctor. | |
After you get the H1N1 vaccine, how long until it is effective? | ||
A: | In adults, about 2 weeks after vaccination, antibodies that provide protection against 2009 H1N1 influenza virus infection will develop in the body. | |
I came in touch with an H1N1 victim 4 days ago. At that time he had runny nose. Yesterday he was tested positive for H1N1. Should I stay at home, even though I do not have any symptoms? Should I get a H1N1 test conducted for myself? | ||
A: | The time between exposure to the seasonal influenza (flu) virus and the beginning of flu symptoms is generally from 1 to 4 days, with an average of about 2 days. If you think you may have influenza (the flu), talk to your doctor. He or she can help you determine if you are infected. Many people with 2009 H1N1 influenza (flu) may continue to shed virus at lower levels 24 hours after their fevers go away. So, if you have a flu-like illness, you should make sure to:
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Should you get the H1N1 vaccination if you have already had the flu? Can you get it more than once? | ||
A: | You are unlikely to get infected with the same exact strain of influenza (flu) more than once. Most people with flu-like illness since spring 2009 don't know whether they were infected with 2009 H1N1 or another flu virus strain. If you think you had 2009 H1N1 infection, ask your doctor if you should be vaccinated. The only sure way to diagnose 2009 H1N1 infection is with real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Even if you had a confirmed case of 2009 H1N1 flu, you can still get infected with other flu strains. You should make sure you get the seasonal flu vaccine. If you had a flu-like illness since spring 2009 that wasn't diagnosed as 2009 H1N1 flu by RT-PCR, get the H1N1 and seasonal flu vaccines. | |
What is an over the counter medicine that one can take who may have the flu? | ||
A: | If you have flu-like symptoms, you can purchase the following medications, which are available at your local drug store or pharmacy. These generic drugs are commonly identified by their brand or over-the-counter name:
If you are sick, see your doctor. Flu can lead to, or occur with, bacterial infections. Therefore, some people will also need to take antibiotics (drugs that kill bacteria) if they have:
An illness that seems to get better but then gets worse again. | |
From a business standpoint if there is a confirmed case of H1N1 in the home is it still safe to allow that employee to come to work if he/she is not sick? What are the chances of it being transferred to family members? | ||
A: | An employee with an ill household member may go to work. It is especially important that these employees monitor themselves for illness. Employees with school-aged children may need to stay home to care for their children. Employers should review leave policies for the flexibility to allow employees to stay home if they need to care for their children or other household members. If flu conditions are more severe, CDC guidance for school-aged children is that they should stay home for 5 days from the time someone in their home became sick. However, this guidance does not apply to adults. People infected with seasonal and 2009 H1N1 influenza (flu) shed virus and may be able to infect others from 1 day before getting sick to 5 to 7 days after. This can be longer in some people, especially:
Many people with flu illness will continue shedding flu virus 24 hours after their fevers go away, but at lower levels than during their fever. In some cases, shedding of flu virus can be detected for 10 days or more by reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). So, when people who have had flu-like illness return to work, school, or other community settings, they should:
Because some people may shed flu virus before they feel ill, and because some people with flu will not have a fever, it's important that all people:
Read more about H1N1 and the workplace in the Flu.gov Workplace FAQ section | |
My kids 2 and 5 years old are scheduled for the h1n1 flumist for Friday. I was just told if children used a nebulizer last year they they should not receive the mist. Is this true? | ||
A: | The 2009 H1N1 nasal spray vaccine should also not be given to:
People who have a severe (life-threatening) allergy to eggs, or any other substance in the vaccine, should not get the 2009 H1N1 live, attenuated intranasal vaccine (LAIV) (nasal spray vaccine). If you are moderately or severely ill, you might be advised to wait until you recover before getting the vaccine. If you have a mild cold or other illness, there is usually no need to wait. Tell your doctor (or the person giving you the vaccine) know if you have ever had:
These may not be reasons to avoid the H1N1 flu vaccine, but the medical staff can help you decide. 2009 H1N1 nasal spray vaccine (LAIV) may be given at the same time as most other vaccines, except the seasonal flu nasal spray vaccine. The H1N1 nasal spray vaccine and the seasonal nasal spray vaccine should not be given together. These vaccines must be given at least 4 weeks apart. Tell your doctor if you:
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Should you get the vaccine if you just recovered from the swine flu or if you have been around someone with it? | ||
A: | All persons in a recommended vaccination target group who had a flu-like illness that was not confirmed as 2009 H1N1 virus infection by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (rRT-PCR) test should get the 2009 H1N1 vaccine. People who had an illness confirmed by rRT-PCR to be 2009 H1N1 virus earlier in 2009 can be considered to be immune and do not need to be vaccinated this year. rRT-PCR is the only test that can confirm infection specifically with the 2009 H1N1 virus. Most people ill with a flu-like illness since this spring have not been tested with rRT-PCR. Tests such as rapid antigen detection assays and diagnoses based on symptoms alone without rRT-PCR testing cannot specifically determine if a person has 2009 H1N1 flu. Persons who were not tested, but who became ill after being exposed to a person with lab-confirmed 2009 H1N1 flu, should not assume that they also had 2009 H1N1 as many pathogens can cause a flu-like illness. These people should get the vaccine if they are in a recommended vaccination target group. People who were infected with the 2009 H1N1 virus and who are not severely immune compromised will likely have immunity to subsequent infection with 2009 H1N1 virus. However, vaccination of a person with some existing immunity to the 2009 H1N1 virus will not be harmful, and patients who are uncertain about how they were diagnosed should get the 2009 H1N1 vaccine. The 2009 H1N1 virus does not provide protection against seasonal influenza viruses. Therefore, people who get the 2009 H1N1 vaccine should also get a seasonal vaccine. Until you are able to get vaccinated, the best way to help fight 2009 H1N1 influenza (flu) is to cover your nose and mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze, then throw the tissue away. Wash your hands often with soap and water, especially after coughing or sneezing. Stay home if you're sick, and limit contact with others to keep from infecting them. | |
What can I do if I am allergic to eggs and can't get the vaccine? | ||
A: | CDC and the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommend the use of antiviral drugs (drugs that fight viruses) for people who:
Taking antiviral drugs may also be recommended for people who may not have a good immune (body defense) response to the flu vaccine. | |
Is H1N1 a pandemic situation or is it a potential pandemic situation? | ||
A: | On June 11, 2009, the World Health Organization (WHO) declared Pandemic Phase 6 for novel H1N1 influenza (flu). Raising the alert level to Pandemic Phase 6 for this outbreak of flu means that the current novel H1N1 flu spreading involves sustained human-to-human transmission (spread) in 2 or more regions of the world. Pandemic Phase 6 is an indicator of spread and not of severity of illness. Because there is already widespread novel H1N1 disease in the U.S., the WHO Phase 6 declaration does not change what the U.S. is currently doing to keep people healthy and protected from the virus. Thus there is no change to CDC's recommendations for individuals and communities. | |
Our concern is that can a cockroach carry the H1N1 virus if someone at the school gets it? | ||
A: | The spread of 2009 H1N1 virus is thought to happen in the same way that seasonal flu spreads within homes or communities. Flu viruses are spread mainly from person to person through coughing or sneezing by people who are sick with flu. People may become infected by touching something with flu viruses on it, and then touching their mouth or nose before washing their hands. Until you are able to get vaccinated, the best way to help fight 2009 H1N1 influenza (flu) is to cover your nose and mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze, then throw the tissue away. Wash your hands often with soap and water, especially after coughing or sneezing. Stay home if you're sick, and limit contact with others to keep from infecting them. We recommend that you contact your state health department for guidance regarding schools and public buildings with cockroaches. | |
Can you get the seasonal flu shot if you are not feeling well? | ||
A: | If you are sick with a fever when you go to get your flu shot, talk to your doctor or nurse about getting your shot at a later date. However, you can get a flu shot if you have a respiratory illness without a fever; or if you have another mild illness. The nasal-spray influenza (flu) vaccine can be given to people with minor illnesses, such as:
If a person has nasal congestion, he or she should consider waiting to get the nasal-spray flu vaccine. He or she may want to wait until the nasal congestion is reduced. This is because the nasal congestion may limit the vaccine's ability to reach the nasal lining. Definitely talk to your doctor before getting a flu shot if you:
If you any questions about whether you should get a flu shot, talk to your doctor or healthcare provider. | |
What about cancer patients? The ones that have just finished their chemo treatments. | ||
A: | Two types of H1N1 influenza vaccine are available in the United States:
2009 H1N1 LAIV should not be given to people with illnesses that weaken the immune system, or who take medications that can weaken the immune system. Please see: http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/vaccination/nasalspray_qa.htm The following are recommendations from CDC and the Advisory Committee for Immunization Practices (ACIP). “We recommend that immunosuppressed persons be vaccinated with inactivated influenza vaccine. This recommendation applies to both seasonal and pandemic influenza vaccines. As a general rule, persons vaccinated while immunosuppressed should be revaccinated when their immune competence improves.” People who are in contact with others with severely weakened immune systems when they are being cared for in a protective environment (for example, people with hematopoietic stem cell transplants), should not get the nasal spray vaccine, including the 2009 H1N1 nasal spray vaccine if they will come into contact with the severely immunocompromised person within 7 days of vaccination. People who have contact with others with lesser degrees of immunosuppression (for example, people with diabetes, people with asthma taking corticosteroids, or people infected with HIV) can get the nasal spray vaccine. Basically, the contraindications for the H1N1 vaccines are the same as for seasonal flu vaccines, which you can read about in the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) influenza vaccine recommendations for 2009/2010 at the following link: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5808a1.htm Except for influenza vaccine, which should be administered annually, vaccination during chemotherapy or radiation therapy should be avoided if possible because antibody response might be suboptimal. However, administration of inactivated vaccines during chemotherapy or radiation is not contraindicated. Patients vaccinated within 2 weeks before starting immunosuppressive therapy or while receiving immunosuppressive therapy should be considered unvaccinated and should be revaccinated at least 3 months after therapy is discontinued if immune competence has been restored. To access these recommendations, please refer to: http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/preview/mmwrhtml/rr5515a1.htm Additionally, you may wish to review the following chart: “Vaccination of Persons with Primary and Secondary Immune Deficiencies” http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/pinkbook/downloads/appendices/A/immuno-table.pdf Vaccine Information Statement (VISs) monovalent H1N1 influenza vaccines, both inactivated (shot) and live (nasal spray) have been published and are available on the CDC website at: http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/pubs/VIS/default.htm#h1n1live The vaccine package insert for live attenuated H1N1 vaccine lists all vaccine ingredients and discusses any known adverse reactions. To review the package insert corresponding to Influenza A (H1N1) 2009 Monovalent Vaccine Live, Intranasal Vaccine, please visit the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) website at: http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/ucm181970.htm | |
This may sound like a silly question, but can the H1N1 or any flu, be passed along to a family pet? | ||
A: | Influenza A viruses normally seen in one species can sometimes cross over and cause illness in another species [e.g., H1N1 (swine flu) viruses do not normally infect humans; however, sporadic human infections with swine flu have occurred]; however, no information is currently available about the 2009 H1N1 (swine flu) crossing over to pets such as dogs and cats. | |
I have heard that white vinegar can be used as a disinfectant. Would a spray bottle with vinegar and water be effective to kill flu germs? | ||
A: | Influenza (the flu) virus is destroyed by exposure to heat of 167 to 212 degrees Fahrenheit (75 to 100 degrees Centigrade).
These products are effective if the right amount is used for the right period of time. For example, wipes or gels with alcohol in them can be used to clean hands. The gels should be rubbed in until they are dry. Please note, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) offers a list of sterilizers and antimicrobial products that are registered with the EPA. You may access these lists at the following web links: "Antimicrobial Products Registered for Use Against Influenza A Virus on Hard Surfaces" "Antimicrobial Products Registered for Use Against the H1N1 Flu and Other Influenza A Viruses on Hard Surfaces" | |
What is: Non Differentiated Flu (undifferentiated)? Is this the same as FLU C? | ||
A: | There are three types of influenza viruses: A, B and C. Human influenza A and B viruses cause seasonal epidemics of disease almost every winter in the United States. The emergence of a new and very different influenza virus to infect people can cause an influenza pandemic. Influenza type C infections cause a mild respiratory illness and are not thought to cause epidemics. | |
I have a disability -- can my employer require me take a flu vaccine? | ||
A: | No, an employee may be entitled to an exemption from a mandatory vaccination requirement based on an ADA disability that prevents him from taking the influenza vaccine. This would be a reasonable accommodation barring undue hardship (significant difficulty or expense). Similarly, under Title VII of the Civil Rights Act of 1964, once an employer receives notice that an employee’s sincerely held religious belief, practice, or observance prevents him from taking the influenza vaccine, the employer must provide a reasonable accommodation unless it would pose an undue hardship as defined by Title VII (“more than de minimis cost” to the operation of the employer’s business, which is a lower standard than under the ADA). Generally, ADA-covered employers should consider simply encouraging employees to get the influenza vaccine rather than requiring them to take it. For more workplace questions and answers, go to: | |
What strains of flu does the seasonal flu shot give protection for, excluding H1N1? | ||
A: | The 2009 to 2010 flu vaccine protects against the three main flu strains that research indicates will cause the most illness during the flu season. This year’s influenza vaccine contains three new influenza virus strains. They are as follows:
The 2009 to 2010 influenza vaccine can protect you from getting sick from these three viruses, or it can make your illness milder if you get a related but different influenza virus strain.
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If a person is allergic to latex can they still receive the flu vaccine? | ||
A: | A person with an anaphylactic allergy to latex shouldn't get vaccines supplied in vials or given with syringes that contain dry natural rubber or natural rubber latex. But, if the benefit of the vaccine outweighs the risk for a life-threatening response, they can get the vaccine. | |
Is the nasal spray seasonal flu vaccine as effective as the shot? | ||
A: | Both the flu shot and the nasal-spray flu vaccine provide good protection against influenza when they match the influenza strains circulating that season. The live, attenuated flu vaccine spray is approved for people from 2 through 49 years of age, who are not pregnant and do not have certain health conditions. Influenza vaccination is recommended for people who can spread influenza to others at high risk, such as:
Health care providers may also recommend a yearly influenza vaccination for:
People living in dormitories, correctional facilities, or under other crowded conditions, to prevent outbreaks. | |
I have Bell's Palsy and I want to know if I can get the H1N1 vaccine? | ||
A: | Influenza vaccine has not been shown to increase the risk of Bell's Palsy. A history of Bell's Palsy is not a reason to defer influenza vaccination. If you have questions or concerns about when you should get the seasonal flu vaccine and/or if you should get the novel H1N1 vaccine, talk to you doctor. For more information about H1N1 influenza virus, please visit the resources below: Flu.gov Vaccination Page Flu.gov H1N1 Page | |
I've recently heard that if a child gets the live attenuated H1N1 or seasonal flu vaccine for the first dose, it is okay if he/she receive a different formulation for the second dose? | ||
A: | Ideally, first and second doses would be from the same product. However, practical considerations make this difficult to implement. Planners should assume they will be interchangeable. For more information see these sites: CDC： http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/vaccination/statelocal/qa.htm FDA: http://www.fda.gov/BiologicsBloodVaccines/Vaccines/ApprovedProducts/ucm181950.htm | |
At work, they are putting together a team to develop Policies & Procedures. Do you have any suggestions? | ||
A: | A flu response plan should have several components.
More Resources New guidance includes help for small businesses on writing a preparedness plan and provides ten tips to help protect the health of your employees.
Occupational Health Issues Associated with H1N1 Influenza Virus (CDC) http://www.cdc.gov/niosh/topics/H1N1flu/ General Business and Workplace Guidance for the Prevention of Novel Influenza A (H1N1) Flu in Workers (CDC), http://www.flu.gov/professional/business/guidance.html H1N1 Flu Resources for Businesses and Employers (CDC), http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/business/ | |
How will you treat pregnant women if they have the flu? | ||
A: | Pregnant women are at higher risk for severe complications and death from influenza, including both 2009 H1N1 influenza and seasonal influenza. Treatment with oseltamivir (Tamiflu®) or zanamivir (Relenza®) is recommended for pregnant women with suspected or confirmed influenza and can be taken during any trimester of pregnancy. The duration of antiviral treatment is 5 days. For additional information, see the Updated Interim Recommendations for Obstetric Health Care Providers Related to Use of Antiviral Medications in the Treatment and Prevention of Influenza for the 2009-2010 Season, http://www.cdc.gov/H1N1flu/pregnancy/antiviral_messages.htm | |
How long (one season or more) will immunity be effective from the H1N1 vaccine? Will this be an annual vaccine like the seasonal flu? | ||
A: | Influenza (flu) viruses change from year to year. You are unlikely to get infected with the same exact strain of influenza (flu) more than once. Most people with flu-like illness since spring 2009 don't know whether they were infected with 2009 H1N1 or another flu virus strain. If you think you had 2009 H1N1 infection, ask your doctor if you should be vaccinated. The only sure way to diagnose 2009 H1N1 infection is with real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). Even if you had a confirmed case of 2009 H1N1 flu, you can still get infected with other flu strains. You should make sure you get the seasonal flu vaccine. If you had a flu-like illness since spring 2009 that wasn't diagnosed as 2009 H1N1 flu by RT-PCR, get the H1N1 and seasonal flu vaccines. Also, a vaccine made against flu viruses circulating last year may not protect against the newer viruses. That is why the influenza vaccine is updated every year to include current viruses. | |
We have a patient who was diagnosed earlier this year with the H1N1 Flu. What would the protocol be for giving him the vaccine? | ||
A: | All persons in a recommended vaccination target group who had a flu-like illness that was not confirmed as 2009 H1N1 virus infection by real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) should get the 2009 H1N1 vaccine. RT-PCR is the only test that can confirm infection specifically with the 2009 H1N1 virus. Most people ill with a flu-like illness since this spring have not been tested with RT-PCR. Tests such as rapid antigen detection assays and diagnoses based on symptoms alone without RT-PCR testing cannot specifically determine if a person has 2009 H1N1 flu. Persons who were not tested, but who became ill after being exposed to a person with lab-confirmed 2009 H1N1 flu, should not assume that they also had 2009 H1N1 as many pathogens can cause a flu-like illness. These people should get the vaccine if they are in a recommended vaccination target group. A patient who had 2009 H1N1 infection diagnosed by RT-PCR may also want to get vaccinated. If the person is not severely immune compromised, he or she will likely have some immunity to subsequent infection with 2009 H1N1 virus. But, vaccination of a person with some existing immunity to the 2009 H1N1 virus will not be harmful. The following resources are available: H1N1 Flu Vaccination Resources: http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/vaccination/ Novel H1N1 Influenza: Resources for Clinicians http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/clinicians/ | |
Is H1N1 the same as influenza A? If not what is the difference? | ||
A: | Yes, novel H1N1 flu is a respiratory (breathing tract) disease caused by type A influenza (flu) virus. There are three types of influenza viruses: A, B and C. Influenza A and B viruses cause seasonal epidemics of disease almost every winter in the United States. Influenza type C infections cause a mild respiratory illness and are not thought to cause epidemics. Influenza A viruses are divided into subtypes based on two proteins on the surface of the virus: the hemagglutinin (H) and the neuraminidase (N). There are 16 different hemagglutinin subtypes and 9 different neuraminidase subtypes, Influenza A viruses can be further broken down into different strains. The current subtypes of influenza A viruses found in people are A (H1N1) and A (H3N2). Influenza B viruses are not divided into subtypes. Influenza B viruses also can be further broken down into different strains. Influenza A (H1N1), A (H3N2), and influenza B strains are included in each year's influenza vaccine. Getting a flu vaccine can protect against influenza A and B viruses. The flu vaccine does not protect against influenza C viruses. For more information about the novel H1N1 flu virus, please visit the following CDC websites:
National Center for Immunization and Respiratory Diseases, Influenza Division, http://www.cdc.gov/flu/ | |
Do you have a sample policy statement for businesses who want to let folks know to stay home if they are sick? | ||
A: | You may want to consider using this type of message: If you are sick with the flu, you may be ill for a week or longer. You should stay home and keep away from others as much as possible, including avoiding travel and not going to work or school, for at least 24 hours after your fever is gone except to get medical care or for other necessities. (Your fever should be gone without the use of fever-reducing medicine.) If you leave the house to seek medical care, wear a facemask, if available and tolerable, and cover your coughs and sneezes with a tissue. In general, you should avoid contact with other people as much as possible to keep from spreading your illness, especially people at increased risk of severe illness from influenza. With seasonal flu, people may be contagious from one day before they develop symptoms to up to 7 days after they get sick. Children, especially younger children, might potentially be contagious for longer periods. People infected with the novel H1N1 are likely to have similar patterns of infectiousness as with seasonal flu. You may also be interested in reviewing the toolkit for businesses on the CDC website at: Questions and Answers about CDC’s Guidance for Businesses and Employers to Plan and Respond to the 2009-2010 Influenza Season | |
What chronic health conditions would be considered priority for the vaccination when it becomes available? Heart Murmur? Hypothyroidism? | ||
A: | Medical risk factors for severe infection are similar to those identified previously in studies of seasonal influenza. In one case series of 179 patients hospitalized with laboratory-confirmed novel influenza A (H1N1) virus infection, 117 (65 percent) patients had a medical risk factor previously associated with severe infection in studies of seasonal influenza (e.g., chronic heart, lung, renal, liver disease; cancer or immunosuppression; or pregnancy). The initial target groups include persons who have medical conditions that put them at higher risk for influenza-related complications. These medical conditions are defined as: “Chronic medical conditions that confer a higher risk for influenza-related complications include chronic pulmonary (including asthma), cardiovascular (except hypertension), renal, hepatic, cognitive, neurologic/neuromuscular, hematologic, or metabolic disorders (including diabetes mellitus) or immunosuppression (including immunosuppression caused by medications or by human immunodeficiency virus)” | |
How do you diagnose an H1N1 flu infection? | ||
A: | To diagnose novel H1N1 flu infection, your doctor may decide to collect a respiratory specimen, and send it to a CDC lab for testing. This specimen is a sample of the fluid from your nose or throat. The specimen generally needs to be collected within the first 4 to 5 days of illness. This is when the infected person is most likely to be shedding virus. But some people, especially children, may shed virus for 10 days or longer. For more information about testing procedures, see the CDC’s Interim Guidance on Specimen Collection, Processing, and Testing for Patients with Suspected Novel Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection, http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/specimencollection.htm | |
What makes this strain of Swine Flu different from the influenza of the same name back in the 60's and 70's? | ||
A: | The viruses detected in the U.S. in April 2009 are different from the H1N1 flu virus that caused the 1976 outbreak. Most genetic parts of these viruses are similar to H1N1 viruses from the North American lineage. However, there are also parts of the virus similar to H1N1 viruses of the Eurasian lineage. | |
If I had the swine flu in the 1970's, will I be immune to this one? | ||
A: | The 1976 swine flu virus and the 2009 H1N1 virus are different enough that it's unlikely a person vaccinated in 1976 will have full protection from the 2009 H1N1 virus. People vaccinated in 1976 should still be given the 2009 H1N1 vaccine. Meanwhile, until the vaccine is available, the best way to help fight novel H1N1 influenza is to cover your nose and mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze, then throw the tissue away. Wash your hands often with soap and water, especially after coughing or sneezing. Stay home if you're sick, and limit contact with others to keep from infecting them. For more information, please refer to the following CDC web pages: | |
At what age is one considered to be in the "senior" or "elderly" category among the H1N1 high risk groups? | ||
A: | Current studies show that the risk for novel H1N1 infection among people age 65 or older is less than the risk for younger age groups. Overall, seniors have been spared from the novel H1N1 virus. However, even though people age 65 and older are not at high risk of infection with H1N1, they are at high risk for seasonal influenza (flu). So, you should get the seasonal flu vaccine as soon as it becomes available in your area. | |
What is the incubation period of the H1N1 (swine) flu? | ||
A: | The estimated incubation period is unknown and could range from 1 to 7 days, and more likely 1 to 4 days. Persons with novel H1N1 flu virus infection should be considered potentially contagious (able to spread disease) for up to 7 days after illness onset. Persons who continue to be ill longer than 7 days should be considered potentially contagious until symptoms have resolved. Children, especially younger children, might be contagious for longer periods. Stay home until at least 24 hours after you no longer have a fever (100°F or 37.8°C) or signs of a fever (without the use of a fever-reducing medicine, such as Tylenol®). Read detailed information about how long to stay away from others. It's important to remember that we are still in flu and allergy season and it's not uncommon to have cold or flu-like symptoms. If you are sick, stay home from work or school to monitor your health. If you do have symptoms where you think you need urgent care, contact your doctor right away. | |
Can LYSOL brand disinfectant protect against the flu virus? | ||
A: | Influenza virus, or the flu virus, is destroyed by exposure to heat of 167 to 212 degrees Fahrenheit (75 to 100 degrees Centigrade). There are also several chemical germicides (substances that kill disease-causing germs) that are effective against flu viruses, such as:
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What are the initial symptoms of swine flu? How do we get it cured on immediate basis? | ||
A: | The symptoms of novel H1N1 flu in people are expected to be similar to the symptoms of regular human seasonal flu infection. They include:
Some people with novel H1N1 flu have also reported:
Like seasonal flu, novel H1N1 flu in people can vary in severity from mild to severe. Severe disease with pneumonia (a lung infection), respiratory failure, and even death is possible with novel H1N1 flu infection. Certain groups might be more likely to develop a severe illness from novel H1N1 flu infection, such as persons with chronic medical conditions. Sometimes bacterial infections may occur at the same time as or after infection with flu viruses and lead to pneumonia, ear infections, or sinus infections. Ill people should also check with their healthcare provider about whether they should take antiviral medications (drugs that fight viruses). Flu can lead to, or occur with, bacterial infections. Therefore, some people will also need to take antibiotics (drugs that kill bacteria) if they have:
People with novel H1N1 flu who are cared for at home should check with their healthcare provider about any special care they might need, especially if they are pregnant or have a health condition such as diabetes, heart disease, asthma, or emphysema. Also, persons with novel H1N1 flu virus infection should be considered potentially contagious (able to spread disease) for up to 7 days after illness onset. Persons who continue to be ill longer than 7 days should be considered potentially contagious until symptoms have resolved. Children, especially younger children, might be contagious for longer periods. If you are sick with H1N1 flu,
For more information about novel H1N1 influenza virus, please visit the CDC website: H1N1 Flu (Swine Flu) http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/ Key Facts about H1N1 Flu (Swine Flu) http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/key_facts.htm | |
Should persons responsible for hospital supplies management increase stocks of isolation masks, and/or isolation gowns? | ||
A: | If you have not already done so, please contact your state health department for guidance on healthcare facility planning in your area. A directory of state health departments is available online at: http://www.statepublichealth.org/index.php?template=directory.php The CDC's Division of the Strategic National Stockpile (SNS) is distributing:
You may also be interested in information in the following: H1N1 Flu Clinical and Public Health Guidance Interim Guidance for Clinicians and Public Health Professionals | |
What is the history of the 2009 Swine Flu? | ||
A: | A Virus Emerges Novel influenza A (H1N1) is a new flu virus of swine origin that first caused illness in Mexico and the United States in March and April, 2009. It’s thought that novel influenza A (H1N1) flu spreads in the same way that regular seasonal influenza viruses spread, mainly through the coughs and sneezes of people who are sick with the virus, but it may also be spread by touching infected objects and then touching your nose or mouth. Novel H1N1 infection has been reported to cause a wide range of flu-like symptoms, including fever, cough, sore throat, body aches, headache, chills and fatigue. In addition, many people also have reported nausea, vomiting and/or diarrhea. The first novel H1N1 patient in the United States was confirmed by laboratory testing at CDC on April 15, 2009. The second patient was confirmed on April 17, 2009. It was quickly determined that the virus was spreading from person-to-person. On April 22, CDC activated its Emergency Operations Center to better coordinate the public health response. On April 26, 2009, the United States Government declared a public health emergency and has been actively and aggressively implementing the nation’s pandemic response plan. A Pandemic Is Declared 2009年6月11日， 世界衛生組織 （WHO）已將全球流感警告級別提升到6級，這預示着全球性新型流行感冒A（H1N1） 的到來。該行動只是從某個方面反映了新型H1N1病毒的傳播，不能代表病毒引發的疾病的嚴重程度。當時已有70多個國家報告了新流行感冒A（H1N1）的病例，新H1N1流感在全球大部分地區都出現了社區級爆發現象。 By June 19, 2009, all 50 states in the United States, the District of Columbia, Puerto Rico, and the U.S. Virgin Islands reported novel H1N1 infection. While nationwide U.S. influenza surveillance systems indicate that overall influenza activity is decreasing in the country during the summer, novel H1N1 outbreaks are ongoing in parts of the U.S., in some cases with intense activity. 自從WHO發佈了關於流感的聲明以來，H1N1新病毒就已持續傳播，很多國家報告的病例數量幾乎都在加倍增長。南半球的正常流感季節已經到來，很多國家都已報告新H1N1病毒正在傳播，並且和普通的季節性流感病毒共同引發了其他疾病。在美國，引人注目的新型H1N1疾病在夏季持續傳播，並且出現了一些本地化和大規模爆發的現象。美國將繼續報告全球感染新型H1N1病毒的最高人數。然而，大多數患病的人未經醫治就已經康復了。 Given ongoing novel H1N1 activity to date, the CDC anticipates that there will be more cases, more hospitalizations and more deaths associated with this pandemic in the United States over the summer and into the fall and winter. The novel H1N1 virus, in conjunction with regular seasonal influenza viruses, poses the potential to cause significant illness with associated hospitalizations and deaths during the U.S. influenza season. | |
Will the new H1N1 vaccine be safe, even for children? Are you testing it? | ||
A: | CDC's Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends that all children between 6 months and 18 years of age get the novel H1N1 vaccine. This is because there have been many cases of novel H1N1 influenza (flu) in children. They are also in close contact with each other in school and day care settings, which increases the likelihood of spreading the disease. Vaccine trials for the novel H1N1 flu are currently being conducted. You can contact the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), which is conducting the trials for the vaccines. For more information, please visit the following Web sites: Questions and Answers: Clinical Trials of 2009 H1N1 Influenza Vaccines Conducted by the NIAID-Supported Vaccine and Treatment Evaluation Units http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/news/QA/vteuH1N1qa.htm NIAID Set to Launch Clinical Trials to Test 2009 H1N1 Influenza Vaccine Candidates http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/news/newsreleases/2009/VTEU_H1N1.htm Once the trials have been completed and more information is known about the vaccine, more information will be available through the CDC. Please continue to check the Flu.gov Web site for the latest information on vaccines. Please note: The H1N1 vaccine is not a replacement for the seasonal flu vaccine. It's important that your child also gets the seasonal flu vaccine as soon as it becomes available in your community. The H1N1 vaccine is to be used with the seasonal flu vaccine. Vaccines, like any medication, can have side effects. But, in general, it's more dangerous to get sick with the virus than it is to get the vaccine. If you have any questions or concerns about whether you, or someone you know, should get the novel H1N1 vaccine, you should talk to a doctor. For more information about novel H1N1 vaccine recommendations, please visit the CDC Web site: | |
老人患上H1N1流感後該怎麼辦？ | ||
A: | Current studies show that the risk for novel H1N1 infection among people age 65 or older is less than the risk for younger age groups. Overall, seniors have been spared from the novel H1N1 virus! However, even though people age 65 and older are not at high risk of infection with H1N1, they are at high risk for seasonal influenza (flu). So, they should get the seasonal flu vaccine as soon as it becomes available in their area. General prevention guidelines for all individuals can be found on the CDC website at: For more information about novel H1N1 flu, please visit the CDC website: | |
What are the rules for health care workers who have family members diagnosed with H1N1 or whose family members have tested positive by nasal swab? | ||
A: | Hospitals and clinics should ask sick staff to stay home. All personnel should self monitor daily for signs and symptoms of febrile respiratory illness. Staff who develop these symptoms should be instructed not to report to work, or if at work, should cease patient care activities and notify their supervisor. If you have not already done so, please contact your state health department for guidance specific to your area. A directory of state health departments is available online at: http://www.statepublichealth.org/index.php?template=directory.php Please refer to the following guidance: Interim Guidance for Infection Control for Care of Patients with Confirmed or Suspected Swine Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection in a Healthcare Setting http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/guidelines_infection_control.htm As noted in the above, healthcare personnel who do not have a febrile respiratory illness may continue to work. Interim guidance on antiviral recommendations for close contacts of patients with confirmed or suspected swine influenza A (H1N1) virus infection can be found at http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/recommendations.htm. CDC's new guidance regarding the amount of time people with flu-like illness should be away from others (exclusion period) does not apply to healthcare settings. CDC has provided a separate guidance for healthcare settings. The recommendations for healthcare settings remain at 7 days after symptoms began or until all symptoms are gone, whichever is longer. Additional clinical guidance is available on the CDC website: Interim Guidance for Clinicians and Public Health Professionals http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/guidance/ This is an evolving situation and CDC will provide updated guidance and new information for clinicians as it becomes available. | |
您對使用空调的大樓如何預防流感有什么特別建議？ | ||
A: | The CDC indicates that the odds of transmission of the 2009-H1N1 influenza over significant distances through heating, ventilation, and air conditioning (HVAC) systems is extremely remote and special cleaning of air ducts is not required. For guidance related to the prevention of transmission of H1N1 influenza virus in healthcare setting, please refer to the following: Interim Guidance for Infection Control for Care of Patients with Confirmed or Suspected Swine Influenza A (H1N1) Virus Infection in a Healthcare Setting http://www.cdc.gov/h1n1flu/guidelines_infection_control.htm If you have concerns about a building and the transmission of disease, please contact your state health department for guidance. A directory of state health departments is available online at: http://www.statepublichealth.org/index.php?template=directory.php If you do not live in the United States, a list of foreign health agencies is available on the following FDA Web site: International Organizations and Foreign Government Agencies http://www.fda.gov/InternationalPrograms/Agreements/ucm131179.htm | |
是否有針對教堂活動的预防措施？例如表面接觸、座位接觸、唱詩傳播等。 | ||
A: | The CDC recommends that faith-based and community organizations contact your state department of health and your organization's leadership for guidance on developing policies to prevent the spread of novel H1N1 in your area. A directory of state health departments is available online at: http://www.statepublichealth.org/index.php?template=directory.php Influenza (flu) viruses may be spread when a person touches droplets left by coughs and sneezes on hard surfaces (such as desks or door knobs) or objects (such as keyboards or pens) and then touches his or her mouth or nose. But, it's not necessary to disinfect these surfaces beyond routine cleaning. You should clean surfaces and items that are more likely to have frequent hand contact with cleaning agents that are usually used in these areas. You may be interested in the following checklist: Faith-Based and Community Organizations Pandemic Influenza Preparedness Checklist As the above notes, Faith-Based and Community Organizations should evaluate the organization’s usual activities and services (including rites and religious practices if applicable) to identify those that may facilitate virus spread from person to person. The organization should up policies to modify these activities to prevent the spread of pandemic influenza (e.g. guidance for respiratory hygiene and cough etiquette, and instructions for persons with influenza symptoms to stay home rather than visit in person.) Community-based and faith-based service organizations can help teach their members about how to stay healthy. They also can offer support to families by providing meals, transportation, and other services to make it easier to stay home if a family member is sick or school is dismissed. See the latest information on community flu planning and response. | |
Can I use an N95 mask for more than one day? | ||
A: | N95 respirators should be worn only once and then thrown away in the trash. When using facemasks or N95 respirators, please remember:
Very little is known about the benefits of wearing facemasks or respirators to help control the spread of influenza in community settings. In areas with confirmed influenza virus infections, the risk for infection can be reduced through a combination of actions. No single action will provide complete protection, but an approach combining the following steps can help decrease the likelihood of transmission. These actions include frequent handwashing, covering coughs, and having ill persons stay home, except to seek medical care, and minimize contact with others in the household. People should consider wearing a facemask during a severe influenza (flu) outbreak if:
During a severe flu outbreak, people should limit the amount of time they spend in crowded places. They should also consider wearing a facemask while in crowded areas. People should consider wearing a respirator during a flu pandemic if:
In these situations, people should limit the amount of time they are in close contact with those who are ill, and should consider wearing a respirator. If a respirator is unavailable, the use of a mask should be considered. Respirator use should be in the context of a complete respiratory protection program in accordance with Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) regulations. Information on respiratory protection programs and fit test procedures can be accessed at http://www.osha.gov/SLTC/etools/respiratory. Staff should be medically cleared, fit-tested, and trained for respirator use, including: proper fit-testing and use of respirators, safe removal and disposal, and medical contraindications to respirator use. For more information about novel H1N1 influenza virus, please visit 工作環境計畫 | |
您能告訴我嬰兒患上豬流感後的症狀嗎？ | ||
A: | If you or someone you know has a baby that may be sick, it is very important to take the baby for medical assessment. The symptoms of novel H1N1 flu in people are expected to be similar to the symptoms of regular human seasonal flu infection. They include:
Some people with novel H1N1 flu have also reported:
In children, emergency warning signs that need urgent medical attention include:
Like seasonal flu, novel H1N1 flu in people can vary in severity from mild to severe. Severe disease with pneumonia (a lung infection), respiratory failure, and even death is possible with novel H1N1 flu infection. Certain groups might be more likely to develop a severe illness from novel H1N1 flu infection, including children younger than 5 years old. Sometimes bacterial infections may occur at the same time as or after infection with flu viruses and lead to pneumonias, ear infections, or sinus infections. Also, persons with novel H1N1 flu virus infection should be considered potentially contagious (able to spread disease) for up to 7 days after illness onset. Persons who continue to be ill longer than 7 days should be considered potentially contagious until symptoms have resolved. Children, especially younger children, might be contagious for longer periods. People who are sick should stay home until at least 24 hours after they no longer have a fever (100°F or 37.8°C) or signs of a fever (without the use of a fever-reducing medicine, such as Tylenol®). Read detailed information about how long to stay away from others. For more information about novel H1N1 influenza virus, please visit the following: | |
如果我有了流感發燒或類似流感的症狀，該服用什么藥物？ | ||
A: | If you have flu-like symptoms, you can purchase the following medications, which are available at your local drug store or pharmacy. These generic drugs are commonly identified by their brand or over-the-counter name:
Ill people should also check with their health care provider about whether they should take antiviral medications (drugs that fight viruses). If you are sick, see your doctor. Flu can lead to, or occur with, bacterial infections. Therefore, some people will also need to take antibiotics (drugs that kill bacteria) if they have:
People with novel H1N1 flu who are cared for at home should check with their health care provider about any special care they might need, especially if they are pregnant or have a health condition such as diabetes, heart disease, asthma, or emphysema; If you are sick with H1N1 flu,
For more information on products for treating flu symptoms, see the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) Web site: http://www.fda.gov/NewsEvents/PublicHealthFocus/ucm150305.htm For more information about novel H1N1 influenza virus, please visit the CDC website: H1N1 Flu (Swine Flu) Key Facts about H1N1 Flu (Swine Flu) | |
What is the definition of fever for the purposes of diagnosing the flu? | ||
A: | CDC defines fever as a temperature of 100 degrees Fahrenheit or 37.8 degrees Celsius or greater without the use of fever-reducing medications. | |
我的醫生診所或公共醫院是否有針對流感的快速測試？ | ||
A: | Rapid influenza (flu) diagnostic tests detect seasonal flu A and B antigens, which are cells that make the body produce infection-fighting cells. The novel H1N1 flu virus is an influenza A virus. Data are not yet available to determine whether rapid flu diagnostic tests can be used for patients with novel H1N1 virus infection. CDC has received some reports of false positive and false negative results using the rapid tests. A doctor may use a rapid diagnostic test as part of the evaluation, but results should be interpreted with caution. Confirmation of H1N1 flu infection can only be made with:
We recommend that you contact your healthcare provider and state health department for additional information and guidance as to the availability of flu rapid testing. A link to finding state health departments is at http://www.statepublichealth.org/index.php?template=directory.php The following resources are available:
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When should I get my seasonal flu shot? | ||
A: | Yearly flu vaccination should begin in September or as soon as the flu vaccine is available. Vaccination should continue throughout the flu season, into December, January, and beyond. This is because the timing and duration (length) of the flu season varies. While flu outbreaks can happen as early as October, most of the time, influenza activity peaks in January or later. Children under 9 years of age will need 2 doses of the vaccine the first year they are vaccinated. The first dose would ideally be given in September or as soon as the vaccine is available. The second dose should be given at least 28 days (4 weeks) after the first dose. If a child needs 2 doses, it is best to begin the process early so that the child is protected before flu season starts circulating in his or her community. Certain groups of people may benefit from vaccination as late as April or May. This is true even if flu viruses are no longer circulating in the U.S. These groups include:
The vaccine should continue to be offered to unvaccinated people throughout the flu season, as long as it is available. Please note the flu is contagious and can spread to your family and those you love. Protect yourself and your loved ones. Get the flu vaccine. Vaccine Information Statements Prevention and Control of Influenza: Recommendations of the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP), 2008 http://www.cdc.gov/mmwr/PDF/rr/rr5707.pdf Key Facts About Seasonal Flu Vaccine Questions and Answers: Seasonal Flu Vaccine Questions and Answers: The Nasal-Spray Flu Vaccine (Live Attenuated Influenza Vaccine (LAIV)) Vaccines and Immunizations 2009-10 Influenza Prevention and Control Recommendations: Timing of Vaccination http://www.cdc.gov/flu/professionals/acip/timing.htm | |
I have a serious lung disease. Will the pneumonia vaccine protect me from the flu? | ||
A: | People with serious lung diseases should talk to your doctor about vaccines you may need during an outbreak of the flu. All people who are recommended to have the pneumococcal vaccine should continue to be vaccinated according to current ACIP recommendations during the outbreak of novel influenza A(H1N1). You and your doctor may be interested in the CDC Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommendation. They say that a single dose of PPSV23 (the pneumococcal vaccine, Pneumovax) for all people 65 years and older and for persons 2 to 64 years of age with certain high-risk conditions is recommended. Please refer to this Web site for additional details:
For more information about pneumococcal vaccine and the novel H1N1 influenza outbreak, please visit the CDC Web site: Vaccines and Preventable Diseases: Pneumococcal Vaccination http://www.cdc.gov/vaccines/vpd-vac/pneumo/default.htm | |
How long can a virus like novel H1N1 live on a surface outside its host? | ||
A: | The H1N1 virus is new. Research is being conducted to better understand its characteristics. Studies have shown that flu viruses can survive on hard surfaces and can infect a person for up to 2 to 8 hours after being left on items like cafeteria tables, doorknobs, and desks. Frequent handwashing will help you reduce the chance of getting contamination from these common surfaces. Flu viruses may be spread when a person touches droplets left by coughs and sneezes on hard surfaces (such as desks or door knobs) or objects (such as keyboards or pens) and then touches his or her mouth or nose. But, routine cleaning will kill these germs. Until a vaccine is available, the best way to help fight novel H1N1 influenza (flu) is to cover your nose and mouth with a tissue when you cough or sneeze, then throw the tissue away. Wash your hands often with soap and water, especially after coughing or sneezing. Stay home if you're sick, and limit contact with others to keep from infecting them. For more information about novel H1N1 influenza virus, please visit these Web sites: Flu.gov H1N1 Flu (Swine Flu) Key Facts about H1N1 Flu (Swine Flu) | |
My daughter will be breast feeding this fall. Should she take the HINI flu vaccine? | ||
A: | When vaccine is first available, the Advisory Committee on Immunization Practices (ACIP) recommends that programs and providers try to vaccinate pregnant women, and people who live with or care for children younger than 6 months of age (e.g. new mothers). It is also recommended for persons between the ages of 6 months through 24 years of age. The novel H1N1 flu vaccines are currently undergoing clinical trials to better understand the risks and benefits. More will be known about the vaccine after these trials are completed in late summer or early fall. You may want to contact the National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID), as they are conducting the trials for the vaccines. For more information, please visit the following websites: Questions and Answers: Clinical Trials of 2009 H1N1 Influenza Vaccines Conducted by the NIAID-Supported Vaccine and Treatment Evaluation Units http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/news/QA/vteuH1N1qa.htm NIAID Set to Launch Clinical Trials to Test 2009 H1N1 Influenza Vaccine Candidates http://www3.niaid.nih.gov/news/newsreleases/2009/VTEU_H1N1.htm After the clinical trials are completed, more information on the vaccine should be available on the Flu.gov 網站。 | |
What are the after effects of the swine flu? How long will they last? | ||
A: | It is expected that most people will recover without needing medical care. If you have severe illness or you are at high risk for flu complications, contact your health care provider or seek medical care. Your health care provider will determine whether flu testing or treatment is needed The symptoms of novel H1N1 flu in people are expected to be similar to the symptoms of regular human seasonal flu infection. They include:
Some people with novel H1N1 flu have also reported:
Like seasonal flu, novel H1N1 flu in humans can vary in severity from mild to severe. Severe disease with pneumonia (a lung infection), respiratory failure, and even death is possible with novel H1N1 flu infection. Certain groups might be more likely to develop a severe illness from novel H1N1 flu infection, such as persons with chronic medical conditions. Sometimes bacterial infections may occur at the same time as or after infection with flu viruses and lead to pneumonias, ear infections, or sinus infections. Ill people should also check with their healthcare provider about whether they should take antiviral medications (drugs that fight viruses). Flu can lead to, or occur with, bacterial infections. Therefore, some people will also need to take antibiotics (drugs that kill bacteria) if they have:
People with novel H1N1 flu who are cared for at home should check with their healthcare provider about any special care they might need, especially if they are pregnant or have a health condition such as diabetes, heart disease, asthma, or emphysema. Also, persons with novel H1N1 flu virus infection should be considered potentially contagious (able to spread disease) for up to 7 days after illness onset. Persons who continue to be ill longer than 7 days should be considered potentially contagious until symptoms have resolved. Children, especially younger children, might be contagious for longer periods. If you are sick with H1N1 flu,
For more information about novel H1N1 influenza virus, please visit the Flu.gov 網站。 | |
If I’ve already had the H1N1 flu this year, can I get it again? | ||
A: | Please remember that the H1N1 virus is new and research is being conducted to better understand its characteristics. In addition, although data on H1N1 are scarce and this illness is still being studied, it is also important to know that flu viruses undergo frequent changes during an outbreak. In general, exposure to a particular strain of flu virus will protect you against that strain in the future. However, it will not protect you from infection by other flu virus strains. Please also note that it is possible for a person to be infected with the seasonal influenza (flu) virus more than one time in a season, because several strains of flu virus circulate each year. | |
I am allergic to eggs. Can I receive a flu shot even though I am allergic to eggs? | ||
A: | Talk to your doctor before getting a flu shot if you:
If you are sick with a fever when you go to get your flu shot, talk to your doctor or nurse about getting your shot at a later date. However, you can get a flu shot if you have a respiratory (breathing) illness without a fever; or if you have another mild illness. If you have questions about whether you should get a flu shot, talk to your doctor or healthcare provider. For more information about the seasonal flu shot, please visit the CDC website: Questions and Answers: Seasonal Flu Shot Key Facts About Seasonal Flu Vaccine Questions and Answers: Seasonal Flu Vaccine Vaccines and Immunizations | |
Does hand washing work if there is no hot running water in any of the bathrooms? | ||
A: | The CDC recommends that you wash your hands thoroughly with clean, running water and soap. Use warm water if it’s available. If clean, running water is not available use an alcohol-based hand sanitizer. | ||
Why are people over 64 who have chronic ailments not eligible for the H1N1 flu vaccine? | ||
A: | First, everyone is eligible for the H1N1 flu vaccine, although some people may have health issues that would be affected by a vaccine and therefore should not take it. The goal of the pandemic influenza vaccination program is to vaccinate all persons in the United States who choose to be vaccinated. More than $8 billion is being invested in developing enough vaccine for everyone who needs it. Because the vaccines may be released gradually beginning in October, a priority list is developed to focus on immediate immunization for:
In past pandemics, groups at increased risk for serious illness and death have differed by age and health status. Specifically, during the 1918 pandemic previously healthy, young adults were a high-risk group. As we have studied the current outbreak, we now know which groups are most vulnerable — younger people, pregnant women, health care personnel, and people who have underlying health conditions. Immunizing these groups first will help contain the spread of the flu during the vaccination roll-out which may take a few months. Here are the statistics on who is most vulnerable to the novel H1N1 flu:
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I am a school nurse in Massachusetts, and I am wondering if the H1N1 guidelines will be the same for this upcoming school year. | ||
A: | New school guidance was released on Friday, August 7th. The school guidance and support documents include:
The press conference announcing the release of these documents is available for viewing on the HHS You Tube channel | ||
